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Q&A | 10/21/2009 8:30 am

No Slacks in the Office: Gail Collins and Lesley Stahl Relive the Birth of Feminism

With the release of When Everything Changed, Gail Collins’s new book, Lesley and Gail recount the amazing revolution of American women from 1960 to the present … from female-free airplane routes to Gloria Steinem’s reaction to Sarah Palin’s brand of feminism.

LESLEY: So, Gail Collins, thank you very much for joining us today to talk about your new book When Everything Changed: The Amazing Journey of American Women from 1960 to the Present, which I have to say I loved and read and learned, because it’s about really the Women’s Movement from 1960 to today, which I obviously lived through; but there’s so much I didn’t know. Let me start by asking you a big question. This is the Women’s Movement – the movement for women’s equality. First question: Did we win? Have we achieved equality?

GAIL: We definitely won. I’m not quite sure I know exactly what equality is, so I’m not sure that I would be willing to go that far. But to look back, which it’s hard to do, I was talking to the people who’ve been there. You forget what it was actually like. And, for perspective, you really have to go back and look at, say, 1960. And it’s such a stunner on every possible level.

LESLEY: Give us some examples.

GAIL: My very favorite one, and it is not the most profound by any means, is the one that I start the book with: Lois Rabinowitz was a secretary in Manhattan and in the summer of 1960 made history, or at least headlines, when she was expelled from traffic court in Manhattan for attempting to pay a parking ticket while wearing slacks. And the judge went nuts. She was defaming the honor of the traffic court. And this was true, and so many women I’ve talked to who remembered back on those days, how awful it was. If you worked in the Post Office you had to wear a skirt. And it was extremely uncomfortable; extremely cold for some women. And just the right to wear sensible clothes was completely withheld.

LESLEY: Oh, right.

GAIL: And then there is the executive express, the plane flight United used to have from New York to Chicago every day, and it was men only; a woman could not buy a seat on the executive express – too bad if you wanted to go to Chicago at that point in time. And they would serve the men these big, huge steaks and cigars and the stewardesses were taught how to lean over and light the cigars and so on. And whenever I tell that story somebody says, "Well wasn’t that illegal?" Nothing was illegal back then. It was perfectly legal to say, "Well we don’t hire women for those jobs," or as Newsweek used to say, "Women don’t write. They only research."

LESLEY: I can remember being on a flight and the pilot came on, and it was a woman, and a bunch of men stood up and walked off the flight. And I know stories about people going to doctors, and if the doctor was a woman they turned around and walked out. And this isn’t just men walking out either. But when you say "we won," you’re just saying that some of these things that you got people to remember seem ridiculous? Is that what you mean by "we won"?

GAIL: No, I mean that in 1960 the vision of women’s limitations of the proper role for women in society was not at bottom much different than it was, say, in 1200 or 1600, but there was the same vision of what women were, and what women could do, that existed throughout Western civilization. And it changed in my lifetime and your lifetime, Lesley, in this tiny sliver of time that we live in. And that knocks me out every time I think about it. Women being born today are going to have all kinds of problems, many of them having to do with trying to balance family and career, I will tell you, but that kind of sense of limitations that existed throughout civilization and society just is not there for them. And that’s so huge.

LESLEY: And is it irreversible?

58 Reader Comments (so far…) Sign In or Register to comment

Barbara1

Facinating.  I came of age at the same time period as you two, graduating college in the early 70’s.  Young women today have no idea what it was like then.  No boys allowed in my dorm above the ground floor and even there the rule was four feet on the floor, only hand holding.  Not even kissing!  Women had to wear dresses to dinner in the cafeteria and be in by 11:00.  The males were allowed to dress as they liked in their dorms and had open hours.  No curfew at all.

When I graduated, I went to an employment agency.  They had pink application forms for women and blue for men.  Every woman had to take a typing test (the men didn’t have to).  I told them I wasn’t much of a typist and I was asked what kind of a job did I think I could get without typing skills.  I guess my math and economics degree weren’t really what they were looking for.

 I got a job with a Fortune 100 company.  Women had to wear dresses.  Absolutely no pants.  I had worked there for about four years and was due my first big promotion.  I had exceeded every goal given me, was recognized as a leader, all the men hired when I was had already been promoted.  And then I got pregnant.  I told my husband I was going to hide it until I got my promotion.  I actually waited until I was six months pregnant, got the promotion and then told my boss.  He took back the promotion.  Said I would have to wait until I came back and worked at least another year to "prove" I was serious about staying because women just wanted to make a few extra bucks to support their kids and then quit to stay at home.  And this was very legal at the time.

I shake my head now at young women with their tight skirts, spike heels and spanks (they were called girdles in my day.)  I fought long and hard to be able to come to work without all those confining garments.

We have certainly come a long way.

By Barbara1 on 10/21/2009 9:09 am
DorothyK

Barbara, I was really surprised that in the 70’s you were given a pink application as opposed to blue. At that time I had returned to the business world and was working for an employment agency (I ended up purchasing it!) We did not have different color applications, but a candidate did have to fill in the blank marked "sex" (one applicant marked "6 times a week" in that space.  I insisted that female candidates not be given typing tests unless they were applying for a position that required typing.  I realize that these practices were not common in other agencies.  When I became experienced in my field I specialized in placing females in male-oriented positions and worked with the Department of Defense Compliance Commission to help all companies reach their goals of hiring minority candidates.

One achievement I enjoyed the most, was convincing a giant International Corp. to permit their female employees to wear slacks!  This was a throwback to when I was 13 and convinced the principal of our school to permit the girls to wear slacks so that they could race home as fast as the boys if there was an enemy bomb alert!  My theory has always been, "Whatever works!"  From my very first job I always finagled my way into "men’s work"  because those were the most interesting jobs.

By DorothyK on 10/21/2009 12:51 pm
KarleenS

Luckily I didn’t enter the workforce until after women had secured their position, but when I worked for "a renowned cemetery organization," they had a very strict dress code.  The company started in 1917 and hadn’t changed all that much.  I actually liked the dress code because of what you describe, but it seemed to work as just another way for people to try to "buck the system" and see what they could get away with.  They couldn’t actually tell women to always wear pantyhose, but they did say "no bare legs."  And, any visible hosiery up until shortly before I started there could not include black.  I was a senior secretary in the in executive offices, and while they could say "no slacks," but I only wore a pantsuit ONCE, and the looks were enough for me.  Some of the other rules were no sleeveless, not open-back footwear, skirts no shorter than one inch above the knee, no more than two piercings in each ear, no other visible piercings or tattoos.

I think dress codes are still a good idea.  I think enforcing them is, too, given the common lack of common sense.  Once you get everyone on the same page as to what professionalism is, sex shouldn’t matter.

By KarleenS on 10/22/2009 9:21 am
SusanCrawford

I entered college in 1963. The summer before we were to begin our first year, all of us received a list of wardrobe essentials we would need: white gloves and a hat (for attending teas and receptions), a "cocktail-style" dress, skirts, blouses and so on. We were informed that when we walked from our campus to the downtown shopping area, no slacks were allowed. (Jeans? Puh-leeze! Not even in the picture except for evenings spent studying in our rooms!) We were permitted to wear slacks ONLY when there was snow up to our wazoo and the temperature was arctic. Here are some other rules we followed at our all-women’s college:

No chewing gum or smoking in public.

Signing in and out of our dorms in the evening, even if we were simply heading to the library or to another dorm.

An 11:00pm curfew on weeknights.

The need for "weekend passes" if we were visiting friends at another campus, or going on an "overnight" to a party at Cornell.

Checking in with the Housemother when we were expecting a date to pick us up at our dorm.

Meeting our date in "The Date Room", conveniently located right next to the Housemother’s suite.

Oh, my. In four short years, our world was turned upside down. By 1967, many of us were already beginning to devour works by Betty Friedan and other early modern feminist writers. We had begun to question our choices in life, and yearn for a wider sphere for our dreams. Upon graduation, many of us went on to grad school, entered the world of work, and slowly began climbing towards a different kind of life. I went to my first "consciousness-raising group" (remember them?) in 1968, and it was a true revelation to gather with other women of all ages and backgrounds to talk seriously about how we could empower one another and support each other’s dreams.

And as I recall, all the women in that group were wearing - yes, you guessed it - bell-bottomed jeans!

 

By SusanCrawford on 10/21/2009 9:38 am
Lee Harrison

Susan,

I entered college the same year you did…a small Catholic women’s college with the same rules and procedures you describe.  We could not wear slacks or shorts anywhere on campus except the gym or hockey field!  When we left campus, we had to wear gloves, hat, hose.  The hat and glove thing changed while I was there, but the no slacks rule continued through 1967 when I graduated…and maybe beyond.  (There was an urban folk tale that Sister Mary Whatever came into a dorm room.  One of the residents was naked; the other had on shorts.  Sister gave the girl in shorts demerits!)  

I’m guilty of never telling my daughter about our lives back then.  Guess when she didn’t believe the girls’ basketball rules, I gave up;-)

By Lee Harrison on 10/21/2009 6:46 pm
BonnieSchuster

Susan how I can relate to your story.  I went to Vocational Nursing School in 1963 in New Hampshire.  Women in slacks not allowed, jeans never.  We, of course, had uniforms.  Skirts had to be below the knees and these caught in the hospital bed springs everytime you made a bed.  When off-duty we had to sign out of our dorms just to go downtown to the movies. Back then a woman wasn’t a woman unless you had on long flowing full skirts, 3 inch heels with pointy toes that you wobbled like a duck in and long flowing hair.  The stories that were told about women in slacks with short hair were abominable.  There is one thing that still hasn’t changed that drives me crazy  Men are still considered the head of the household.  It doesn’t matter if you are a single mom if you have a son any job you hold, on your tax records the oldest man in the house is listed head-of-household.  When this changes I know we will have made our mark.  Equality should be decided by a job well done not by gender.

By BonnieSchuster on 10/21/2009 10:13 am
BelindaJoy

And this is why I find AMC’s show Mad Men so incredibly fascinating. To see how far women have come. The way we thought we had to think, move, act and live is so dramatically different, that in today’s world to even think of behaving in the manner we used to is so foreign for many of us.

We have indeed come a long way and I would argue the only thing standing in our way is us. Why are we still only paid a fraction of what a man is paid? We can’t blame it on men, we have voices in and out of politics. So what is the answer? I say it is because (as is the case with some other issues) we are content in accepting the status quo.

What is so scary about this discussion between Lesley and Gail is the realization that we all know to be true, there are still women today living as if they were stuck in 1960. Still believing when their husband speaks they need to "pipe down" - not voice an original opinion- not work and certainly not become involved politically in any aspect. Women who wouldn’t know what an orgasm was if it snuck up and bit them, content in being a grandmother to their beautiful grandkids.

And they do so  by choice not force, and for me that is a frightening thought.

By BelindaJoy on 10/21/2009 11:18 am
LilaKuh
You could be describing an old school friend of mine.  She absolutely revels in the role of wife and mother.  Hasn’t worked since her first was born.  She is very happy and seems to have a great family life, but I would go stark raving bonkers.  Isn’t it great to have choices?
By LilaKuh on 10/21/2009 12:42 pm
LilaKuh
On the sexy but ridiculous shoes never going away:  anybody see the CGI-animated Beowulf movie?  Angelina Jolie, as Grendel’s Mother, rises naked out of a subterranean pool and paces toward our hero… on stiletto-heeled feet.  Yep.  CGI, high-heeled feet.  In the eighth century.
By LilaKuh on 10/21/2009 12:05 pm
KarleenS
But… it makes your butt look good.  ;)
By KarleenS on 10/22/2009 10:20 am
MaryCourtney1

This is a great topic and a stroll down memory lane as I approach 60 and also relate. As an Art major on a women’s Alum scholarship-I was encouraged to go into fashion design when all I wanted to do was draw the buildings on campus and was motivated by architecture & design. I, like Belinda, find "Mad  Men" an amazing program where so much of my own history during that time pricks of not getting a mgmt job in 1965 because the company I successfully worked in only allowed men in management until the late 70’s-by that I time I was on the road playing keyboards with Jazzmen in Nevada shows-learning more and returning home to teach Art & Music until the late 90’s when I started a care business working with aging women and the disabled.

I did as I’d been taught in my first marriage and ended up losing a very independent self "for a season"-which propelled me into working a lifetime with women, the arts & healing. Today-in a marriage made in heaven, I see all of these experiences as tools for learning and a part of a plan. I also see that (and some may disagree) some women are unaware of the beauty of the differences as well as the value of being loved, cared for and protected by a man with a heart to serve a woman in a very deep and nurturing way. I have no interference in being "free" to do as I so choose in my marriage-but I am enveloped in the differences and as the old song says-"I love being a girl" and am thoroughly filled with Joy in the arms of my knight in shining armor. There is something very beautiful with the created masculine/feminine energy & differences-when walked out in an atmosphere of freedom, playfulness and respect. I having a blast in that sandbox. 

If a woman does not know about an orgasm-this is a sad treatise rather than  "wouldn’t know if it snuck up and bit them".  Most women who I’ve had in support, healing groups have been deeply wounded, ravaged by cruel men and hurt by sexual abuse or some other painful experience and have not been healed and set free to enjoy a loving sexual relationship. Others, understand sexual response but give it away too easily or use their sexuality to control in an effort to feel safe-or in some respects may have become bitter and hardened-another sad response . It is our goal as women to love, care and encourage one another if this is the case. Ultimately-it’s about being happy and keeping one’s dignity, self-respect and honoring another’s choices. It’s not always about the outward appearances-but the heart.Women work this out in various ways and one person’s configuration may look odd to another-but that person may have great peace and love caring for their grandkids and having days of cuddles. Abuse is never acceptable-however, love manifests in many different tapestries. 

By MaryCourtney1 on 10/21/2009 12:06 pm
CarolHarrison2

Mary, You’re approaching 60 and I’m 62 as of September 8th. I have lost my independent self to my spouse’s relatives on his mother’s side, some of whom still mail xmas cards to Mr. and Mrs. HIM.  Therefore, I feel I’ve been socially profiled in that I’m not considered socially equal by many people who know my late IL and therefore her son and those same people don’t always know who I am, despite my spouse introducing me.  They don’t hear my first and last name, it’s not something they’re used to hearing when they see a married couple. To them, I’m Mrs. His Last Name. I stopped watching Dr. Phil’s Show, not because I don’t like Dr. Phil the person, but occasionally, his Irish catholicism surfaces.  With one couple, he told the man his role in life was to Lead, protect and some other biblical belief.  I couldn’t relate to that and felt, if he believes that, then I’m not sure I want to continue watching his show.  You mentioned the "masculine" and "feminine" of a couple.  I don’t relate to that either.  Both terms are socially constructed to identify a woman as being a traditional woman and a man as a tradtional man.

As a woman with emotional and psychological issues, I’m not always able to protect myself and suffer anxiety ranging from high levels to manageable.

You mentioned a song, "I love being a girl"……me….I love being a woman…I left my girlhood behind 42 years ago.

I cringe when I’m referred to as a ‘girl’ yet those who do, don’t know any better.

By CarolHarrison2 on 11/02/2009 11:43 pm
kermieb

When I entered college in 1974, out-of-town Freshmen (they tried "Frosh" as a gender-free term, but it never caught on) had to live on campus for the first year, by law.  After that we could move into student housing in town.  (I had no choice but to move into student housing—I had no place to go when campus was closed for holidays—I hated the smug assumption that everyone had a home and parents somewhere.)

I was assigned to the last all-female dormitory on campus.  It was also the only dorm with a "house mother"—quite an antiquated notion then.  She had a little apartment right there on the first floor of the dorm, clearly had lived there for a long time, and she used to invite us in for tea and conversation on a nightly basis. 

This was a generation that smoked pot and drank (the drinking age was 18 then) before leaving high school, so we thought the whole idea was quaint, that is, until we visited her. 

We quickly realized she was an older woman, far from elderly, who had devoted her entire life to her "girls" who came and went, new faces every year, faces that grew more and more bewildered by her presence.  

We were her purpose for being there, and even though the RAs helped us navigate registration (all done by hand on punch cards back then), she helped us with something much more important—respect for how far she had come in her time. 

We didn’t own little white gloves to wear to tea, but we visited her frequently, and listened to her stories of how much the campus had changed over the years.  She was an integral part of our education as women. 

All of the dormitories turned co-ed my sophomore year, and I heard she had moved.  Over that summer I moved downtown to a communal house that was like night and day compared to that dorm.  I recall thinking how confusing the times were to me then, and how incredibly confusing the times must have been to our house mother who lost her home, her job, and her purpose, in the span of a few turbulent decades. 

By kermieb on 10/21/2009 12:24 pm
macwoofwoof
that is a sad story kermie but i like the way you honor the house mother in your post. 
By macwoofwoof on 10/21/2009 7:31 pm
CarolHarrison2

Hi kermie b, in Canada where I’m from, women are also called ‘freshman’ but I have a booklet from the Ontario Women’s Directorate who suggest first-year student rather than ‘freshman’.  Why should a first-year student have a gender.  It might fit a first-year male student, but it’s an outdated and archaic term for a girl/woman’s first year at a college or university.  I don’t understand the need for "co-education".  It basically means a university or college for women and men.  Couldn’t the North American education system do away with ‘co-ed’ and ‘freshMAN’ if you’re 18, 19 or a young women in her early 20s??  Words used to describe women in general can make a woman socially unequal to men in the workplace, and…in university whether in the United States or Canada.  I really believe that an adult female should leave the ‘girl’ thing in the past where it belongs, unless the same don’t mind being ‘girls’ even if they’re in their 30s/40s or 50s.  ‘Girls’ doesn’t carry quite the same maturity as woman does.

Not all women of WOWoWOW are feminist even if they have careers that used to be traditionally male.

By CarolHarrison2 on 11/02/2009 11:52 pm