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Question of the Day | 08/30/2008 12:00 am

Martin Luther King Jr. gave his 'I Have a Dream' speech 45 years ago this week. Do you have any memories of desegregation?

© AP
Judith Martin

Judith Martin | 08/30/2008 12:00 am

Judith Martin Was There When Martin Luther King Delivered the 'I Have a Dream' Speech

1. 1948
Although I was born and reared in Washington, DC, I was about ten years old before I knew about segregation. Georgetown Day School, which I attended, was the only non-segregated school, public or private, in the city, and we children grew up color blind. As another former pupil put it decades later, "I could see that some kids looked different from others, but I thought this just happened in families. Like my family happened to have all boys, while other families had both boys and girls or all girls. The luck of the draw, I thought." He was asking me to verify our obliviousness to race because his wife didn’t believe him. I was not surprised, because nobody believes me, either.

We children found out about segregation one Saturday afternoon when a few of us tried to go to a movie. We didn’t understand why the manager said that some of us could go in but others not — we showed him that we all had the money to buy tickets. He did not hesitate to tell us why.

2. 1954
Georgetown Day did not have a high school at that time, so I attended the public one, Wilson, as a member of the class of 1955, which was the last segregated class. When the Supreme Court decision was announced, a few of us invited students from Dunbar, a black high school, to discuss it. Our principal got wind of this plan and forbade us to hold the meeting, adding that under no circumstances were we to call the newspapers.

Until he said that, it had never occurred to us to call the newspapers. We were soon on the telephone, telling reporters that we were not allowed to hold the gathering at Wilson, but that they could meet us at Dunbar, which had reciprocated our invitation. (One of the first things I did when I went to work at The Washington Post, four years later, was to go into the library files and copy the photograph of that meeting.) Afterwards, we knew that our principal would be angry, but we three young ringleaders were rattled when he told us, "None of you will ever get into college if I have anything to say about it." But apparently he didn’t, because one of the others went to Harvard, one to Swarthmore and I went to Wellesley.

3. 1963
The day of Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech was an all-leaves-canceled day for The Washington Post, where, as another reporter once described our approach to mass events, "We don’t just cover a story; we surround it." I was too excited to wait for my shift, and in the morning, a neighbor kindly took us in his boat to observe the march from along the Potomac. We wanted to show our support for the cause, but thought it might be in questionable taste to accept one of those banners demanding fair jobs and hang it over the side of a yacht. Then I reported for work, and my husband, to his eternal regret, also went off to work, at his laboratory. As a conscientious reporter, I threaded my way through the crowd, marveling at how polite everyone was. When I got to the Lincoln Memorial, I noticed that there was an empty seat on the platform. After it became clear that no one was going to claim it, I quietly moved up. The surrounding dignitaries smiled, and one of them removed the chair’s placard, which said "Roy Wilkins," so I could sit down. Warmth and toleration were so much the order of the day that they even enveloped the press, and its least important representative at that.

We used to talk about journalism providing "a front-row seat at history." That day, for me, it literally did.

Joan Ganz Cooney

Joan Ganz Cooney | 08/30/2008 12:00 am

At 13, Joan Ganz Cooney Was a Radical Anti-Segregationist

My memory of desegregation goes back to the Eisenhower years when the president sent federal troops to Little Rock to protect the black children going to a formerly all-white school. And then we had the Kennedy years when more federal troops had to abet the desegregation of schools and James Meredith integrated the University of Mississippi. I also have vivid memories of segregation. I grew up in Phoenix, AZ, which had segregated schools and movie theaters. Negroes, as they were called, had to sit in the balcony. I used to go to the movies with our housekeeper and sit with her up in "the crow’s nest." I’m ashamed to say that I loved being with her up in the balcony and saw nothing wrong with it as a seven-, eight- and nine-year old. At 13, I became a radical anti-segregationist and fought with my father every time the subject came up. Martin Luther King Jr. was the most thrilling figure of my lifetime and I consider it a great privilege to have lived through the civil rights movement in this country.

Liz Smith

Liz Smith | 08/30/2008 12:00 am

The Personal Reasons Why Liz Smith Cheered for Martin Luther King

I was raised by wonderful black men and women in Ft. Worth, TX, when the drinking fountains were marked “Colored” and “White.” From the very beginning of my life I couldn’t help noticing the way the people I loved best, who seemed to love me the best, were pushed around, derided and kept “in their place.”

I wrote about all of this in my memoir Natural Blonde and how I was out of step in my own middle-class life because I kept privately battling to change things, to change my father’s prejudices, to change my mother’s racist gentility. At the University of Texas I marched to get blacks admitted, not even to the university but to its graduate school. (We were arguing that they could not get a “separate but equal education” elsewhere in Texas!)

So I was cheering for Martin Luther King from the beginning. But I haven’t met too many people who care what I think. And desegregation, for all the fairness it has effected, failed to end racism. The battle goes on.

Click here to read my latest column in the Post.

53 Reader Comments (so far…) Sign In or Register to comment

Lois Stratton
Our high school in Whittier,California had problems don’t know how they are now. I was in high 1950-1954 and we had one (1) black student and although I had no classes with her we all knew her. She had a great personality was in the dramatic classes and was in several revues. I know of no problems but we later learned that it was a tough sell to get her into our high school her mother was allowed in their homes to clean but were against her daughter being in “our” high school. I look back now and I still don’t understand it but then Whittier at that time was very much a Quaker town. Now it has a fence around the school and the students are not allowed off campus we were free in the 50’s.
By Lois Stratton on 08/30/2008 12:19 pm
Brooklyn Gal
My grandmother, an Italian immigrant, worked in the garment industry as a sewer. One day, when I was about 5 years old, she had friends from work over the house for coffee and cake. It was the first time I ever saw an African-American woman in our Brooklyn neighborhood. My grandmother always had love in her heart for everyone.
By Brooklyn Gal on 08/30/2008 3:50 pm
Brooklyn Gal
PS: Meant to add: when I was 5 years old in the 1950’s.
By Brooklyn Gal on 08/30/2008 3:54 pm
Elizabeth Bennett
I was living in Pennsylvania and later in New Jersey as a little kid, and there was no obvious segregation to me. It was only later that I realized that the black kids across the street who played marbles with us would not come in to watch tv with us when we invited them and that they never asked us to their houses. We lived in a white block and the black block was across the street. The black kids had been schooled in where they could not go, and I was a little puzzled by it. But I was only four. My father was a scientist in a government lab and often went to scientific conferences. I remember he came back from one of them laughing. Some fellow from Dow Chemical’s research facility had complimented Dad on the research results they were getting and asked what was the secret. My father said, it is simple. The Army hires the best scientists. If they are Jewish, black or Italian, we don’t care. [At the time, Dow Chemical evidently did not hire Jewish or black scientists; I am not sure about Italians.] The fellow from Dow was embarrassed, but I don’t think he himself made up or defended Dow’s policy. This was a few years before the Civil Rights Act. As for the Civil Rights Act, it was another Senator from Illinois who was instrumental in getting cloture on the debate on the Civil Rights Act, Senator Dirksen. I remember that because his earlier statements on the bill seemed to be in opposition to it. He was concerned about states’ rights. When our family later moved to Virginia, I actually found that there was an area near Mount Vernon where some of the direct descendants of George and Martha Washington’s former slaves lived. It has since been redeveloped, but in high school, I volunteered for Project Headstart and taught the four year olds to count, tell time and appreciate books and singing together. The patterns of racial discrimination in housing were more pronounced in northern Virginia than in New Jersey, at least in housing, where it seemed there were racial covenants on most of the homes. Still the schools were integrated there. When I later went to college I leaned that not that many of Virginia’s schools were integrated yet, and this was in the late sixties. Still I remember the horror of hearing of police turning on protestors and citizens in the course of the civil rights movement, and adults and children being lynched. There is a wonderful museum in Memphis, the National Civil Rights Museum, that is worth visiting. And if you cannot get to Memphis [and you probably should not in August anyway—too hot], at least read Dr. King’s letter from a Birmingham jail: http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/mlkjail.html Really Dr. King was one of my heroes growing up and one of the reasons I grew so interested in working to help people in poverty. His assassination was such a blow to so many of us. In retrospect, it is amazing to me that Johnson withdrew from his re-election campaign only a few days before King was murdered.
By Elizabeth Bennett on 08/30/2008 6:04 pm
Belinda Joy
Somewhere in heaven, Martin Luther King Jr. is smiling. Desegregation didn’t happen in our country solely because of MLK, but he was without question a touchstone. He inspired Americans to believe we could change and become better than we were. Flash forward 45 years and we now have a man that represents the epitome of the American dream, inspiring and leading us toward the changes we all know we want. The elementary, middle and senior schools I attended were all integrated. When I rode the bus, I sat where ever I wanted. When I ate out, I sat where ever I wanted. My friends throughout my life have been every shade from the palest of White to the darkest of Black. I find it ironic that it is only now, in the midpoint of my life that I clearly see self imposed segregation among people. Whites who choose to only live among their own and Blacks by no other option, doing the same. I work for a Jewish attorney who constantly speaks of his childhood and the fact he lived only among Whites, as if that is something to be proud of. He uses this as an excuse for the fact that he can not connect with minorities, because he wasn’t raised among them. This is a man who actually said to me “You know Belinda….I hate being a Jew, but I would kill myself if I had to go through life a Black. I don’t know how you do it” How sad it is that many people like this man will go to their graves never knowing the extreme joy there is in living an inclusive life.
By Belinda Joy on 08/30/2008 8:33 pm
Dona Howlett
Belinda, How in the World do you stand working for a man like this………… Find another job where you are not surrounded by negative energy all the time. There must be a lot of Attorneys you could work for.
By Dona Howlett on 08/31/2008 4:41 am
Belinda Joy
Dona, MANY people in my life have said that to me and as much as I guarantee you if we met in person you would describe me as confident, assertive, gregarious, articulate and accomplished….the fact that I continue to work for a man (and in a vexatious environment) is a mystery. There is a huge disconnect in my judgment in this regard that I haven’t solved yet, but Lord willing I will soon. But then again I have been saying that for 5 years….maybe there is a part of my psyche that says I don’t deserve better?
By Belinda Joy on 09/05/2008 9:50 am
Dona Howlett
Belinda, You deserve better my dear. Maybe you’re meant to be there to convince this man the error of his ways. Make a Post it sign……….put it on your dressing table mirror that says. I DESERVE BETTER……………… GOOD LUCK IN YOUR FUTURE.
By Dona Howlett on 09/05/2008 12:58 pm
Barbara Nash
Memories of segregation In 1950, when I was 6 years old, my family took me from Urbana, Illinois, to Houston to visit my grandparents and where my mother had grown up. We went to a supermarket and I saw a drinking fountain that said “Colored” on it. I had already had discovered the wonder of coke in a vending machine for a nickel, but this looked like a real southern treat. I ran over and stomped on the pedal but to my dismay, plain old colorless water came out. I turned to my mother in disappointment, and to this day I can still see that ring of faces staring at this little white kid who didn’t understand how it was supposed to be. In 1961 I returned to Houston to attend Rice University – both of my parents were alums. By then my family had moved to northern California where I had gone to junior and high school. Segregation wasn’t an issue there, and I had given it little thought. And so it was a rude awakening when I arrived at Rice to find it was for us white students only. And the Southwest Athletic Conference was segregated too – only white players. A few of us formed a civil rights organization on campus. One of our events was a demonstration against the National Education Association that was holding its annual meeting in Houston. Can you imagine the NEA holding a meeting in a city whose public schools were segregated? Well they did in those days. Rice moved to integrate, but it was opposed by powerful alumni, and the university had to go to a jury trial to move beyond its founding whites-only charter. By then I had returned to California and my state school, Berkeley, where in the fall of 1964 the Free Speech Movement opened campuses across the nation to student political activity focused on opposition to the Vietnam war. Ironically, the impetus was the administration’s refusal to allow an organization to set up a table on campus to sign up students to go to the South as civil rights volunteers. Great strides have been made in civil rights since I was a child, but more remains to be done. Today a major issue in human rights is discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. As has been said, the issue doesn’t change, just the faces.
By Barbara Nash on 08/30/2008 8:37 pm
C A Rose
I remember going to New Orleans for vacation in the early 1960’s and was shocked when I saw ‘Whites Only’ on the entrance to a cafe, and ‘Blacks Only’ on water fountains and restrooms. Actually, I think they used the word ‘Negro.’ I remember when I heard the news that a Black male friend who went down to Mississippi to work for desegregation had been brutally murdered with two other young Black men. I didn’t understand it. I grew up in a house where people of every color, race, and creed came and sat at our table in open discussion. My step-father would have been called a left-wing radical, intellectual eletist, and in those days a ‘Beatnik’ artist. He went to Roosevelt U. in Chicago and everyone who went there was considered a communist! Now you see where I get it from… :-)
By C A Rose on 08/30/2008 8:54 pm
Lena B
I have read these posts and I’m moved and pleased that many of you were so candid about your experiences. I’m from the south and intimately aware of the vestiges of segregation. By the time I entered school, most of society had come to terms with the reality that Blacks/African Americans can no longer be overtly discriminated against. Unfortunately, it didn’t stop covert discrimination, racism and wholesale hate. I can recall having had good childhood memories thanks to integration. Because of those who made the sacrifice to change America, while in my youth, I opened myself to love without the barrier of skin color. I’m always thankful for those experiences.
By Lena B on 08/31/2008 8:39 pm
Jenny Oops
I sure do remember segregation. In fact, Martha Squire and I were probably among the very first ‘civil righters’. Martha and I were both young brides living in Houston, Texas where our newly commissioned Air Force Officers we taking advanced training before they went off into the wide blue yonder. Martha and I were both from California, young and sorta naieve (sp). No kids yet, so at least once a week we would take the bus to downtown Houston to shop and buzz around. First time, we got on the bus, we walked to the back of the bus because it was empty. Suddenly the bus stopped and the bus driver came back and told us we would have to move up front. Well, that got our backs up and we told him we didn’t want to move up front — not really sure what the problem was. Well, that bus driver informed us that nobody was goin noplace until we moved up to the ‘white’ seats. Of course we had to move. That same day we went traipsing around downtown Houston, wandered into store after store and noticed that there were two drinking fountains — one clean and the other a mess. We were pretty shocked. We also noticed the restroom arrangements. Well, now we got it and proceeded to go into every store we could and drink out of the ‘black’ drinking fountain — much distain coming from the ‘white’ shoppers passing by. Martha and I, we made that a mission, so at least twice a week, Martha and I would go down to the bus stop, walk to the back of the bus, etc., etc. After several weeks, we began to see the pained faces of the bus drivers as they drove up to our stop — “Damn, there they are again” those faces said. We never got up enough nerve to go into the ‘black’ restrooms. I wish we had. But we drove a lotta bus drivers and Houston shoppers a bit crazy that summer. It was the summer of 1952.
By Jenny Oops on 09/01/2008 4:25 am
Mary Mikel Stump
I grew up in a small town in Northeast Texas where the blacks lived on one side of the railroad tracks and the whites on the other. The “professionals” of the town-the doctors, lawyers, judges, merchants, bankers-where all white. I do not recall ever seeing a black person in any position but that of service. Although at the time, it made little sense to me, I did not really ever question it, since my frame of reference was small. Only after I moved away during my adult years did I find a voice for the gnawing questions about the socio-economic structure of that town (an economic segregation, where everyone but caucasion people were “kept in their place”. Many years later, I was doing some historical research on County courthouses of Texas when I discovered a very dark secret in this town’s past. As I read the account of a week’s period in the 1920’s when a black man was lynched and townspeople burned down not only the courthouse but the black business district, I realized that anyone of color who could leave at that time did, and those who were left during my childhood were the children of those who had no choice but to stay. I guess the point of this is that I grew up in that town and not once was it ever mentioned…not in schools…not in conversation…nobody spoke of it. What was left was a lack of opportunity for people of color-a segregation that cannot be punished, for it is too covert. I made it a point for my children to watch Barack Obama’s speech accepting the Democratic party’s nomination for President of the United States, making the point that when their mother was born in 1964, he could not have even voted, let alone be nominated for president. This is an important point to make to a generation that can’t even remember a time when there weren’t cell phones and internet. We are peddling up a big hill. It’s important to keep our eye on what we have ahead, but it may be important-every once in a while- to look at how far we’ve come to keep ourselves motivated for what lies ahead.
By Mary Mikel Stump on 09/01/2008 6:57 am
Tee Zee
I can’t help but wonder what Dr. King might be feeling about the trampling of the constitution as well as the fairness doctrine and the general acrimony in our society today. We need a real leader to help us hold onto that hope.
By Tee Zee on 09/01/2008 7:29 am
Eliza Dodd
Yes , I remember getting on a city bus in 1965 with my mom .I was 5 yr.s old .I seen a man in the back of the bus .He looked just like my grandpa , he had a suit on and a Hat just like grandpa’s and a great Big smile and great big white teeth, just like my grandpa .I ran up to this man with JOY in my heart ! I said hi ! Then my mother motioned for me to get back up to the front with her !! WHY ? Because the Bus driver was looking really mean ! and he was mad ! And my mother was upset at the bus driver .I knew she wanted to tell me why ..Now that I look back at that …I feel very sad ..very sad ! Because it was the first time I learned about Color of a persons skin .I never seen color before .To me everyone was the same color .I loved everyone and here we had people “the Bus driver” telling me I couldn’t sit with this man and smile at him & him @ me ?! Not by words just by looks .Even at 5 yrs old I knew that was wrong ! And so did my mother …and little did that bus driver know …lolol!!! my mother was Half native American …My mother never taught us color …only white people .I grew up in a strange world .Now 40 something years later ….its a Nicer place …and I get to sit on the bus with a rainbow of color and its a much better world ! And no one is making me feel ashamed or guilty no matter who I talk to .And I talk to everyone , I love everyone ! I always have and it feels so good ! And what really makes me feel Great is OBAMA ! I am part Native American and its ABOUT TIME AMERICA !!! GOD BLESS OBAMA !!!
By Eliza Dodd on 09/01/2008 11:11 am