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Books You Refuse to Read | 06/17/2009 11:00 pm

Bruno Bettelheim: Satan in Drag, by Cornelia Read

Bettelheim’s The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self – once revered as the authority on autism but now highly discredited – is one book this author and parent refuses to read.
By Cornelia Read
Cornelia Read

Editor’s Note: Time heals all wounds, but does it? What was once revered as "the truth" of medical research and therapy for families raising children with autism, Down syndrome and other disabilities has been discredited, but for those families who either followed the methods or were ridiculed for not following, the scars are as high as the wounds deep. The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self, for Cornelia Read, noted author and, most important, parent, is a reminder of advances and changes in attitudes over time.

This is a review of a book I have not read.

The book in question, titled The Empty Fortress, was written by Bruno Bettelheim. I bought a copy of it in hardcover two years ago, and it sits on the bookshelf in the living room, in a stretch of books on the same subject. All the rest of these are well-thumbed; some I know nearly by heart. The Empty Fortress, however, has remained untouched by me. 2009_0615_emptyfortress.jpg

I plan to read it, but I cannot utter the more familiar phrase that "I would like to." I detest this book and its author so intensely, in fact, that I could only bring myself to buy the book used. I had to be certain that no money of mine would benefit even Bettelheim’s estate, now that he is, thank God, deceased.

I like to think of myself as a kind person, one capable of forgiveness and mercy and compassion. For this man, however, I have nothing but unadulterated contempt and hatred. Given that he survived a Nazi concentration camp, it is somehow even more awful that Bettelheim perpetrated such cruelty against children, families, and — most especially — women in America for decades.

Before I had children of my own, I knew of Bettelheim in a vague way — his name was familiar to me as someone who merited inclusion in the liberal arts canon. He is today perhaps best known as the author of The Uses of Enchantment, in which he attempts something of a Freudian deconstruction of well-known children’s stories such as Little Red Riding Hood.

As a parent, however, I feel that this man is no less deserving of my disgust than is the author of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. This is because Bettelheim made it his life’s work to publicly accuse me and thousands of women like me of destroying our children with emotional cruelty so intense that we make Medea look like Donna Reed. In his works, Bettelheim has proclaimed that I have all the maternal qualities of a Nazi concentration camp guard, an infanticidal Shakespearean king and a child-cannibal witch.

I beg to differ.

Five years ago, I gave birth to healthy twin girls, Grace and Lila. I remember being constantly amazed in that first year, as they grew and tested out the world, at how many thousands upon thousands of little things must go right in order for human beings to become fully realized. Fingernails grow to perfect curves, the heart is formed to beat just so, limbs unfurl and become stronger by the day, and little by little, the brain comes online, discovering itself and all around it.

21 Reader Comments (so far…) Sign In or Register to comment

SURA B

I remember well the many moments of Bettelheim’s fame, and his disparagement of concentration camp prisoners who developed coping skills for survival. under unbearable circumstances. Bettelheim’s pronouncements revealed his  cruel arrogance, and fortunately, whatever glamour and adulation he  had received diminished.

 Unfortunately, other doctors and counselors continued his brutal attack on mothers, but this kind of thinking revealed the practitioners’ misunderstanding of science and family dynamics—and certainly ignorance of their own bias. 

 Bettelheim was didactic, authoritarian, rigid, and cocky, and sometimes so grim that one had to laugh. At the time, Philip Roth became well known, and there is a famous essay in which his character is analyzed, and it ends with a witty reference, " And, so… Dr. Bettelheim." Sorry that I  can’t convey the wisdom and humor of this conclusion, but it mocked Bettelhim’s sense of himself as God. (I’m having a senior moment right now, and the essay will probably return after I finish my morning coffee).

 Parents, especially mothers, are often told how powerfu and dangerous they are to their children, but if a doctor or anyone in authority says that, RUN, and find another specialist for diagnosis and advice.  

 Bettelheim was a dangerous crank, but sadly, there are others to replace him. He was finally discredited, but I recall the suffering he inflicted on the children put under his care. He exploited others to massage his ego; dangerous, of course. As for his book, discard it! It has no place in science or anywhere else. Who needs such evidence of monumental error and malice!

By SURA B on 06/18/2009 8:03 am
SURA B

I remember, I remember! The long essay was a so-called psycho-analysis of Portnoy’s neuroses in the voice of Bettelheim, and ended with: "And now, we begin!" It mimicked Bettelheim’s ponderous Germanic style, and of course, his obtuseness.  I mention it because Bettelheim was taken very seriously, and he was a dangerous man. The parody, in a sense, diminished his credibility (but, of course, he had no sense of humor). 

By SURA B on 06/18/2009 9:10 am
phyllis Doyle Pepe
Yes, Shirley, after I read your post I knew it was from "Portnoy’s Complaint" the book that sent Roth on his trajectory. The doctor’s name was Wolfenberg, and the very last words are: "So [said the doctor]. Now vee may perhaps to begin. Yes?"
By phyllis Doyle Pepe on 06/18/2009 9:38 am
SURA B

Indeed! I was too lazy to check it  in my home library. Roth is one of my great favorites, and I’ve kept his books and commentaries, as well.

We must be of the same generation.

By SURA B on 06/18/2009 10:19 am
gretchen lowe
I do not plan to read this book either.  It is strange that everything falls on the mother even in current society.  Most recently, the U.S. Congress passed a measure to screen and medicate women after childbirth when post-partum depression affects men and women.  So now we have to be a size 2 six weeks after childbirth, have a full-time job making over 100K to be middle class, and harbor full responsibility for our child’s genetic and upbringing.  If we neglect the last part, then we are automatically stoned from a societal standpoint irregardless of the other contributions.
By gretchen lowe on 06/19/2009 11:19 am
SURA B

Gretchen Lowe:

 The rush to medicate is our national surge. It might be better and wiser to provide help for a new mother, as I observed overseas where visiting nurses assist  for several weeks, and in other places, where medical support is not available, family members of friends remain in the household to assist. I’m not claiming that mood changes or depression can be reduced by family and friends, but their presence and help are gifts, and used to be taken for granted years ago.

 And, indeed, women are expected to be good at everything; I have a lucite item on my desk which a good friend, a single mother  of 4, gave me when our children were young: ""Wonder woman works here." Does that mean we must be perfect always and forever?

 

As for husbands, I’m of an older generation which I call the "doomed" generation where gender roles were rigid, and fathers remained uninvolved; however, though the present generation of men seems to be super-involved in family and domestic responsbilities, it still is not equitable or women who strive, work, nurse, organize, nurture, and worry—-and then feel despondent.

 No medications, please—until proved absolutely necessary. 

By SURA B on 06/19/2009 12:04 pm
C jay

YIKES! I’d blocked out those terrible years with the horrendous names raping women in every possible manner. Take heart, the APA has decided it isn’t "mother" afterall - as they and all once believed. And, let’s look at things realistically, if health practitioners were doing their jobs, patients, indeed women, would not hesitate in bringing concerns about their health, and feelings to them. I spent years in perinatal health, and frankly, it begins very early with supportive relations-ships.

Parenting is a totally new experience, not to be taken lightly, but today - dangerously, far too many women think it fulfils their maternal instinct (I have heard that from 2 women the past 10 days!), and then, if it doesn’t. What then?

Old Bruno and his buddies certainly gave German names a bad rap - but we must instill in women to keep looking for a doctor who they can talk to, feel comforable with, and not fall for the "he’s a great doctor but has a rotten bedside manner" crapola - those blokes can stay on the academic side, and in the labs - they are not needed with other humans.

PS Double check patients rights on that "bill" you not congress passed - read the bill on www.thomas.gov

 

 

By C jay on 06/20/2009 9:45 pm
phyllis Doyle Pepe
"The Uses of Enchantment" sits on my bookshelf right next to Freud (cozy bedfellows)  Reading Bettelheim’s book so many years ago I remember being fascinated at his interpretations of all the fairy tales I had loved as a child––still do––and once read aloud one of these pieces to my husband who after listening said, "Sounds like a load of crap to me." Oh, how angry I was at him, how dare he question this man’s credentials! Later, of course, I discovered the skinny on the good doctor and it sickened me. And the blame, always on the mothers, these poor women like Cornelia going through all that hell and guilt. Her story reveals the tenancy we have to swallow what is deemed "the truth." I think we have learned, however, that we need to question, question, and then question some more. As far as Bettelheim is concerned, he could well be described by another phrase my husband would give him: un pezzo di merda!  
By phyllis Doyle Pepe on 06/18/2009 9:30 am
Lori Crowley
I have an 18 year old son with autism. Although no one ever blamed me for it, I am outraged at the many wasted years of no research for cause, cure or treatment. Personally, I think I would have a book burning for that piece of excrement, "The Empty Fortress." In addition to your hope that Bettelheim is burning in hell, I’d like to find his grave and spit on it.
By Lori Crowley on 06/18/2009 11:56 am
Susan Thomas
If you find his grave, I will meet you there!!!! Amen.
By Susan Thomas on 06/19/2009 7:10 pm
C jay
Bruno wasn’t the only one, that’s how he was able to publish his opinions, and ‘studies.’ For a real gulp, look at the pop sci authors of the 70s-80s, too. Everything ranged from “10 Easy Steps to … ” to ‘just use reality.’ No one has yet written, “physician heal thy self first.” (I’ve tried!)
By C jay on 06/20/2009 9:50 pm
C jay
ps: one must ‘ask,’ why do these people go into these fields to begin with? HA2! Control comes in all shapes and sizes, on many different papers. Listen only to ones inner voice, write, plan, then act.
By C jay on 06/20/2009 9:52 pm
J Holmes

Autism has appeared in both sides of my family.  On my mother’s side a cousin’s son is on the spectrum (living in England and getting a lot of one-on-one schooling); 2 nephews are also on the spectrum and are attending private school here in the U.S.  A male cousin, age 59, is autistic and lives in a group home.  My heart goes out to all the mothers who were deemed the cause of their children’s autism. 

By J Holmes on 06/18/2009 2:42 pm
Nanny hasSeven
I taught as a Special Education teacher for 25 years, and have worked with many, many autistic children and their parents. I can honestly say that most of the mothers I worked with were loving, devoted mothers who would go to the ends of the earth to help their child. Autism is a cruel, tragic affliction that robs a family of that child’s sweet spirit. It is occurring at an alarming rate. Twenty-five years ago, 1 out of 10,000 children would be diagnosed with autism. That figure is now more like 1 out of 150. We absolutely need to find out why this is happening and find a way to stop it.
By Nanny hasSeven on 06/19/2009 12:02 am
rocky rocky
You’d think that with statistics like that the world would stop in its tracks and give this epidemic its full attention! 
By rocky rocky on 06/19/2009 8:43 pm